Neki köszönhetjük hogy megőrizte az alexandriai Timocharis feljegyzéseit;
"In the 36th year of the First Kallippic Cycle, on Elaphebolion 15, which is Tybi 5, at the beginning of the third hour, the moon covered Spica with the middle of that edge of its disc which is toward the equinoctial rising-point and that Spica, in passing through, cut off exactly the northern third of diameter.
This moment is in the 454th year from Nabonassar, Tybi (V) 5/6 in the Egyptian calendar (-97 Mar 2/3) , 4 seasonal hours before midnight..."
Hiszen napfogyatkozás a hónap végén, 29-én várható egy holdnaptárban. Junius 15-e nem lehet a harmadik hónap vége. Az első lehetéges dátum julián naptárban jun. 21! Az utolsó pedig julius 21.... "
-762 táján a tavaszi napéjegyenlőség márc 27/28 körül volt. A naptár első hónap első napja csak ezután következhetett...
Tehát harmadik hónap utolsó napja junius 27 és julius 27 között képzelhető el.
Szerencsére már sokan tudják, még a wikipédia is...
ASTRONOMICAL DATING OF BABYLONIAN TEXTS DESCRIBING THE TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF “AE 175/SE 239”
INTRODUCTION
The late Babylonian astronomical texts (LBAT) are of considerable astronomical and historical importance. [1]
Virtually all the LBAT were recovered from the site of Babylon in the 1870s and 1880s and are now mostly in the British Museum.
Most of the LBAT that contain observations can be divided into three distinct categories: astronomical diaries; compilations of reports of a specific type of phenomenon; and so-called ‘goal-year texts’.[2]
Diaries form the prime source.[3]
Originally covering the whole date range from around “750 B.C.” to perhaps as late as “A.D. 100”, each individual texts contained a detailed record for six or seven months of many types of phenomena: for instance, lunar and solar eclipses, conjunctions of the Moon and planets with stars, and planetary first and last visibilities and stationary points. The bulk of the materials in a diary was observational, but predictions of certain events – e.g. eclipses – are also included.
The Babylonian astronomers also assembled compilations of report of individual phenomena from the diaries.[4]
These texts sometimes cover several centuries. So-called ‘goal-year texts’ were also compiled from the diaries.[5]
Probably intended for use in predictions, these contain lunar and planetary data from special intervals before a selected date: the goal-year. For instance, Venus data are cited from 8 years previously and lunar data from 18 or 19 years prior to the goal-year. Although both compilations and goal-year texts are often severely damaged, they frequently contain information that has been lost from the diaries.
The Babylonians counted years from either the start of a king’s rein or the Seleucid Era (SE); however, some late texts also use the Arsacid Era (AE) in parallel.
Most years contained twelve lunar months; occasionally an intercalary month was inserted in order to keep the calendar roughly in step with the seasons. The lunar month commenced with the first visibility of the crescent Moon after conjunction. Months contained either 29 or 30 days, each day beginning at sunset. Unfortunately, in only a small proportion of instances is the date fully preserved; often the year number is missing.
The late Babylonian astronomers passed their messages by the so-called “Seleucid code” to succeeding generations.[6] But the finder of the clay tablet, those so privileged people, decoded the message mistakenly.
In this short study I try to scrutinize those clay tablets, accepted by academic science as the new “wonder weapon” supporting the correctness of traditional chronology, and I try to interpret the content of those tablets accurately, using the “Seleucid code” as I understand it.
THE MESOPOTAMIAN TABLETS
In line with the river valleys of the Chinese Yangtse and Huangho, the Indus and Ganges from India, and the Egyptian Nile, the valleys of the Mesopotamian Tigris and Euphrates rivers were the most ancient cradles of human civilization.
Around 5,000 years ago, the first state formations of humanity were established there. In the 19th century, excavations performed at the Mesopotamian locations produced very rich findings. Archeologist found tens of thousands of small plates fully carved with the symbols of an ancient writing, and these are the plates that today are referred to as clay tablets.
Luckily for us we can safety state that any forgery of those tablets can be completely excluded from consideration. When those tablets reached the various museums, nobody could read them, or more precisely, nobody could interpret their meaning.
Towards the end of the 19th century, the cuneiform writing of the tablets came to be deciphered and their content understood. For the purposes of my study, the clay tablets with astronomical content are the important ones, especially the records made by the Babylonian astronomers during the eras of the Seleucids, and the Parthian Arsacides.
At the starts of the 20th century the Babylonian chronology was accepted by general agreements, thus year 311/312 of the Seleucid Era is equivalent to the year CE 1 of our Common Era.
The key to the date recalculation is the following relationship:
CE 1 = SE 311/312
http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/index.html?year=1&country=23
By studying several more dated tables (BM 33850, BM 36763+36891, BM 36724, BM 34050, BM 34669+BM 34918 )[7] I came to the results, that the difference between my proposal and the “key to the recalculation” is constantly 196 years!
I gave this difference of 196 years the name of “Seleucid code”, according to which CE 1 is not other than year 115/116 of the Seleucid Era.
CE 1 = SE 115/116
For easy reference our code can be re-written into another form:
SE 311/312 = CE 197!
The publication of the Hungarian Calendar in 2002 established as a fact that a difference of nearly 200 years exist between the CE dating (astronomical) and the AD time-counting connected to the birth of Jesus Christ (historical).[8]
Consequently, my “Seleucid code” can also have the following form:
SE 311/312 = CE 197 = AD 1!
http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/index.html?year=197&country=23
In this paper I made a detailed analysis of the clay tablets describing a very famous solar eclipse, and the goal-year text tablet with similar content.
Detailed study of the clay tablets BM 45745
In what follows, we have used the translations by Sachs and Hunger.[9]
This text is badly damaged and scarcely 20% of the original survives. Nevertheless, it contains a remarkably detailed account of a total solar eclipse.
In its original condition, a diary typically covered six or seven lunar months. However, the obverse of BM 45745 preserves only entries from the 13th day to the end of one month, while on the reverse are entries from the 12th day to the end of a separate month. The text contains three direct indications of date. On the obverse there is a mention of the “son of Antiochus”.
On the reverse of the tablet is a year number (x75) – where x represents an illegible sign – and mention of King Arsaces.[10]
Using the BM 34034 goal-year tablet (a goal-year text) it has been proved that the missing sign (X) was the number 1. Meaning that the date was 175.
Colophon (across cols. III and IV)
“sá ana MU-1-me1.34-KAM Ar-sá-ka-a LUGAL kun-nu-u”
“…which were established for year 194, king Arsaces”
Consequently the dating of the tablet was performed according to the Arsacid era (AE) time counting, and the discussed solar eclipse can be connected to the year of AE 175. For perfect certainty let us check once again in details the BM 45475 tablet.
Left edge
3 […MU-1-me]-1.15-KÁM Ar-sá-ka- [a LUGAL]
3 [….year 1]75, [king] Arsaces
The dating is clearly Arsaces 175, which is equal to the SE 239 year.
Using the starry night pro v4.5 software (purchased by me in 2003) and my “Seleucid code” I hereby will check the contents of the clay tablets.
Applying my “Seleucid code” the discussed date in the Julian calendar will be:
CE 125!
AE 175 XII2 0 = SE 239 XII 0 = CE 125 March 23
[1] Journal for the History of Astronomy Volume 37 (2006) F. R. Stephenson and J. M. Steele, Astronomical dating…
[2] A.J. Sachs, „A classification of the Babylonian astronomical tablets of the Seleucid period”, Journal of cuneiform studies, ii (1948), 271-90; H. Hunger, “Non-mathematical astronomical texts and their relationships” in N. M. Swerdlow (ed.), Ancient astronomy and celestial divination (Cambridge MA, 1999), 77-96.
[3] A.J. Sachs and H. Hunger, „Astronomical diaries and related text from Babylonia, i-iii
[4] H. Hunger, Astronomical diaries and related texts from Babylonia, v (Vienna 2001)
[5] H. Hunger, Astronomical diaries and related texts from Babylonia, vi (Vienna 2006)
[6] Z. Hunnivári, The Seleucid Code 2008 Budapest
[7] Z. Hunnivári, The Seleucid Code 2008 Budapest
[8] Z. Hunnivári, Hungár naptár, Jézus Krisztus Kr. u. 194-ben született, (Budapest 2002)
Z. Hunnivári, The Hungarian Calendar, 200 years which will shake the world (Budapest, 2004)
[9] A.J. Sachs – H. Hunger, Astronomical diaries…Vol. iii p. 182-185
[10] JHA Vol. 37 (2006) F.R. Stephenson and J.M. Steele, Astronomical dating… p. 56
"Lassan megvonhatjuk a mérleget. Ptolemaioszt a 15. században humanisták találták ki, 2. századi tudósnak. (egyiptomi falunév alapján...) Két monumentális tudáshalmazt beszéltek bele (földrajz és csillagászat), amelynek segítségével félrevezették egészen a huszadik század végéig a két tudományágat, és a történettudományt - mérhetetlen zavarokat okozva. A mértékadó tudomány röstelli hivatalosan, mindezt bevallani, ezért Ptoli továbbra is nagy hatással van a történettudományra, nyakra főre idézi mindenki Strabón barátjával egyetemben. E földrajzi tudáson nyugszik a teljes antik történettudomány ma is. "
Az egyik név, Puransagale mellett olvasható egy bejegyzés: „Simannu (Sziván) hónapban napfogyatkozás volt.” Ennek az adatnak így önmagában még nem volt értéke, de jelentõsége megnõtt, amint egy másik táblán ez a limmu mint egy bizonyos Mannukiasurli 54. elõdje szerepelt. Errõl viszont már ismeretes volt, hogy Új-Asszíria egyik legkiemelkedõbb uralkodójának, II. Szárgonnak (Sarrukín) 13. uralkodási évében töltötte be hivatalát. A 17 évig uralkodó II. Szárgon kora csak egy-két évtizedes bizonytalansággal volt ismeretes. A listában szereplõ napfogyatkozás viszont 42 évvel az uralkodó trónra lépése elõtt történt. Nyilvánvaló, hogy az elsõ lista csaknem egy évszázadot felölelõ idõtartama alatt több napfogyatkozás látszott Asszíriából, de hogy csak egyet jegyeztek fel, azt jelentheti, az nagy fénycsökkenést okozó, tehát teljes vagy csaknem teljes lehetett. Értékes útbaigazítást adott a hónapnév megemlítése is. A csillagászati-kronológiai számítások szerint csak az a napfogyatkozás jöhet számításba, amelyik -762. (i. e. 763) június 15-én volt onnan észlelhetõ (3. ábra). II. Szárgon tehát i. e. 721-ben lépett trónra. Minthogy azonban a feljegyzések alapján ismert volt az elõtte több száz és utána mintegy száz éven át trónon levõ elõdeinek, ill. utódainak uralkodási idõtartama években, ez az egyetlen napfogyatkozás nagyon fontos évsort juttatott az ókor történészeinek birtokába. Ma már minden új-asszír király uralkodásának elsõ és utolsó éve ismeretes a mi naptári, évszámítási rendszerünkben – hála a csillagászati kronológiának. "
Hiszen napfogyatkozás a hónap végén, 29-én várható egy holdnaptárban. Junius 15-e nem lehet a harmadik hónap vége. Az első lehetéges dátum julián naptárban jun. 21! Az utolsó pedig julius 21....
A probléma az hogy van egy töredékes agyagtábla amit a világ összes tudósa egy féleképpen értelmez kivéve te meg Illig.
Természetesen ez továbbra sem számít hiszen nem egy ókori dátumra vagyunk kíváncsiak. Mindösszesen az számít hogy van egy Közel keleten ma is használt naptár ami összekapcsolható a kínai Tang dinasztiával. Vagyis a kínai napfogyatkozásokat relevánsá teszi.
Ennek mi köze van ahhoz hogy a Kelet Szír Rítus liturgikus naptárában hogyan számolják az éveket a mai napig? Ebből a szempontból tökéletesen mindegy hogy egy töredékes cserépdarabon milyen Érában adták meg egy esemény időpontját."
Csak annyi, hogy a szír, zsidó stb. szeleukida (SE) dátumozás Nagy Sanyi hadvezérétől datálódik...
Felhívnám figyelmedet Stephenson forrás (agyagtábla) kezelésére;
Year) 175, month XII2. The 29th (day),
és
SE 175, [king] Arsaces, [month XII2].
Ugye milyen érdekes? A szögletes zárójelben lévő rész elvileg nem olvasható...
Nemcsak a napfogyatkozást írták le pontosan hanem a bolygóegyüttálásokat is."
Ennek mi köze van ahhoz hogy a Kelet Szír Rítus liturgikus naptárában hogyan számolják az éveket a mai napig? Ebből a szempontból tökéletesen mindegy hogy egy töredékes cserépdarabon milyen Érában adták meg egy esemény időpontját.
Szóval mégegyszer. A ma is létező Szír egyház liturgikus naptára alapján (Amely a Szeleukid era szerint számolja az éveket) a nesztoriánus sztélén megadott dátuma szerint a 8. századi európai, iszlám és kínai időszámítási rendszerek összekapcsolhatóak. Vagyis nem lehet figyelmen kívl hagyni a távol keleti csillagászati megfigyeléseket.
Amúgy hagy idézzek F Richard Stephenson:Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation című könyvéből.
"Babylonian observations of a solar eclipse in
136 BC are without parallel over the whole of
the pre-telescopic period. Not only did the
astronomers time its various phases, they also
noted that the eclipse was total. Two damaged
texts in the British Museum collection provide
overlapping details (figure 3). A composite
translation is as follows:
“(Year) 175, month XII2. The 29th (day), at
24 time-deg after sunrise, solar eclipse; when it
began on the south-west side, in 18 time-deg of
daytime it was entirely total; Venus, Mercury
and the Normal Stars were visible; Jupiter and
Mars, which were in their period of invisibility,
were visible in that eclipse. It threw off (the
shadow) from south-west to north-east; 35
time-deg (duration) of onset, maximal phase
and clearing,” (trans. H Hunger).
The year is expressed relative to the Seleucid era
(312 BC). The equivalent Julian date – 15 Apr in
136 BC– is precisely correct."
Nemcsak a napfogyatkozást írták le pontosan hanem a bolygóegyüttálásokat is.
"SE 175, [king] Arsaces, [month XII2]. The 29th, at 24 deg after sunrise, solar eclipse; when it began on the south and west side, […] [Ven]us, Mercury and the Normal stars were visible; Jupiter and Mars, which were in their period of invisibility, were visible in its eclipse […]." ("Stephenson, pp. 129-130)
"Turning to the maps provided by Mucke and Meeus, we find that a total eclipse occurred on April 15th, 136 BCE (p. 728). The affected area included the greater part of Asia and portions of the Persian gulf. If we now turn to Skychart III and set the skies to April 15th, 136 BCE, it will be found that Jupiter and Mars were indeed very close to the Sun on this date, making their sudden appearance during the eclipse of the Sun a notable sight (See chart below for a map of the Babylonian skies). Venus and Mercury were also present, as reported by the Babylonian astronomer. This test—together with the calculations provided by Mucke and Meeus—constitutes a dramatic confirmation of the accuracy of the Babylonian observations. "
12′ [Ni]ght of the 25th, first part of the night, Mercury was 4 cubits above alpha Tauri. The 25th, the north wind blew. …
13′ rain shower, the west wind blew. The 28th, the north wind blew. the 29th, at 24° after sunrise, solar eclipse; when it began on the south and west side, [….]
14′ [Ven]us, Mercury , and the Normal stars were visible; Jupiter and Mars, which were in their period of invisibility , were visible in its eclipse [….]
15′ it threw off (the shadow) from west and south to north and east; 35° onset, maximal phase, and clearing; in its eclipse, the north wind which was set [to the west? side blew ….]
A napfogyatkozást kísérő, (14 nappal előbb) holdfogyatkozást megelőző és követő égboltleírás;
4′ [….] a few locusts attacked. Night of the 12th, all ni[ght] …. [….] 5′ [….] 4 fingers below gamma Virginis …. of the disk suspended. The 13th, clouds [….] the sky [….] 6′ [….] the sun was surrounded by a halo, the east wind blew. Night of the 15th, moonrise to sunset: 8°? 40′; clouds, I did not watch; all ni[ght ….] 7′ [….] 15° of night maximal phase; when it began to clear, it cleared in 18° of night from east to north and west [….] 8′ [….] stood there, the remainder of the planets did not stand there; 3 1/2 cubits in front of alpha Librae it was eclipsed; at [….] 9′ [….] the moon was 3 1/2 cubits below beta Librae. The 16th, the east wind blew; in the afternoon, very overcast, rain shower. Night of the 17th, all night clouds [….] the sky [….] 10′ thin clouds were in the sky, the north wind blew; at noon, the sun was surrounded by a halo, its gate was open to the north. Night of the 19th, all night very overcast. The 19th, very overcast.
SE 175,[king] Arsaces, [month XII ].The 29th, at 24 deg after sunrise,solar eclipse; when it began on the south and west side, […] [Ven]us,Mercury and the Normal stars were visible; Jupiter and Mars,vhich were in their period of invisibility,were visible in its eclipse […] it threw off (the shadow) from the west and south to north and east; 35 deg onset,maximal phase and clearing;in its eclipse,the north wind which was set [to the west ? side blew…]. [BM 45745
Karl Friedrich August Nobbe szerk.
